PD ROM 1/PD ROM Volume I - Macintosh Software from BMUG (1988).iso/Electronic Messages/Quick Connect/Quick Connect 1987 Apr

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The Genius behind HyperCard:
Bill Atkinson

An exclusive interview with Quick Connect

He is a dreamer, an inventor, a software artist, and one of the biggest
names in personal computing.  Best known as the author of MacPaint(R),
Bill Atkinson has a penchant for pushing the frontiers of the
Macintosh(TM) dream: to put the power of the personal computer into every
user's hands.  First, he gave all of us the power to create sophisticated
graphics on a computer.  Now, he's given us the power to become software
developers without having to know a single word of programming code.
HyperCard(TM) is already pushing the outer limits of this dream farther
than anyone thought possible, except, of course, Bill himself.

We asked Bill to tell us his story of HyperCard and to make a few
predictions about the future.  Here's what he had to say.

How did you get the idea for HyperCard?
Actually, HyperCard is a descendant of two ideas.  One was the give-away
Rolodex program that I wrote just to keep track of my own journal
articles.  The other was a research project I did on what the new
generation computer should look like.  In this project, we knew what we
wanted to build, but we knew we couldn't build it within ten years.  Part
of HyperCard is an extraction from that project that could be done on
today's technology.

When did the product get underway and who was on your team?
I've been working on HyperCard for the last three years.  Two years ago, I
showed a working prototype of it to John Sculley.  He got excited about it
and wanted to make it a real product.  And I did, too.  So a team was put
together at Apple which today numbers about 30 people.  Four people
contributed to the code: Dan Winkler worked closely with me writing the
language portion, Adam Paal did the printing code, Ted Kaehler did the
sound code, and Carol Taylor played a big role in the interactive, on-line
help system.  Chris Espinosa is my product manager and I was very
fortunate to have him.  He basically enabled me to just keep working to
make it happen while he worked on the political connections, including the
planning and the rollout.  Mike Holm is currently the product manager
while Chris is on sabbatical.

What breakthroughs were made over the last three years?
There were a lot of breakthroughs.  One was when we first got from the
smaller-sized cards that were the same size of the MacPaint window to
full-screen ones.  That really opened up the ability to use HyperCard as an
authoring tool to make something that was an end application that didn't
have to look like HyperCard.

A big breakthrough was when we went to bit-map packing.  We really
wanted to use the richness and lush detail that you can get with a full bit
-map in the graphics, but they're very expensiveQthe cost of each shared
graphic and card-specific graphic was 44K, uncompressed.  So I worked
out a new packing algorithm.  I remember waking up at four in the morning
and going downstairs to work on it.  Basically the algorithm I came up
with worked.  It allowed us to pack many many more images per disk that
we would have been able to otherwise.

Another breakthrough was working out the technology for fast searching.
In my research, I had already figured out that, at least theoretically, the
searching could be speeded up 100 times.  When I actually got to doing it,
the measured performance was 700 times faster!  This breakthrough
allowed us to search the Los Gatos town library card catalogQwhich had
100,000 cards or 15 megabytes of textQin 2 seconds instead of 10
minutes.  We were really pleased.  It was very exciting when that first
broke.

How would you compare your work on HyperCard with MacPaint?
HyperCard is much more open and much more ambitious.  Unlike MacPaint,
HyperCard is something that you build on top of.  It's going to open up
people because there are so many things you can do with it.  In terms of
ambition, HyperCard is about 15 times as big as MacPaint.  The assembly
language alone in HyperCard is bigger than that in QuickDraw.  It's
certainly the largest thing I've attempted, and I think its the most
significant in terms of what it will do to the computing community as a
whole.

What will HyperCard do to the computing community?
All the people with great ideas or specialized knowledge of information
won't need access to a professional Macintosh programmer with time on
his hands to express themselves.  Making stacks is no big deal.  It's easy.
The great ideas that are yet to come in the Macintosh world are mostly
going to be from people who aren't programmers but who have great ideas.
HyperCard is going to enable them.

You've said that HyperCard is part of the original Macintosh dream.  Could
you explain what you mean?
The Macintosh dream has really been putting the power of the personal
computer into an individual person's hands.  We succeeded to some extent
by using graphics and menus, and a consistent user interface and direct
-manipulation metaphors to make the software more usable and
accessible.  The end user didn't have to learn all the control characters
and all the command sequences and bits and bytes and stuff like that.  You
didn't have to be a computer jock to use the Macintosh.

But at the same time, we made it harder for the programmers to create
Macintosh applications.  It really takes not only a professional
programmer, but also someone who has spent a year or so learning the
Inside Macintosh handbook to understand how to use all the Toolkit
features, the graphics, the menus, etc.  So the Macintosh dream wasn't
really complete because the individuals couldn't get all the power of the
personal computer.  They could only use canned pieces of power.

HyperCard, acting like a software erector set, really opens up Macintosh
software architecture to where individual people can make their own
customized information environment, and interactive information and
applications without having to know any programming language.  It takes
the creation of software down to the level of MacPaint images that you
like, then pasting buttons on top of them to make them do what you want.
HyperCard puts this power into the hands of any Macintosh user.

What is the most exciting thing about your work as a software designer?
The art of creating software that is usable by individuals is a
communication skill.  It is not a programming skill.  Programming and
what a software artist does is analogous to a pianist who needs to know
how to move the keys and have that down cold so that he can concentrate
on the feeling and message that he is portraying in his rendition of this
music.  So slinging the bits is an enabling technology for me to express
and communicate and teach.  The most exciting thing for me is when I see
people amazed and pleased at the newfound power they got from a
programQwhen they say, "Wow,  I can do this!"  That's the feeling people
got back in 1984 when they saw MacPaint and started using it.  It's the
same kind of feeling that is going to happen here with HyperCard.  But that
feeling will be magnified, because the amount of power you get out of
HyperCard is really so much greater.  HyperCard is going to open up the
whole meaning of what personal computers can be.

Can you make any predictions about the future?
I think if we look a year from now, I'll bet there will be 20 times as many
people making interactive information for the Macintosh as there are now.
A lot of people are going to get opened up, enabled, empowered to control
their computer.  That's really what we're trying to do.  It's the same
dream.  Nothing's changed.  It's the original Macintosh dream of making the
power of personal computer accessible to individuals.  HyperCard is just
unfolding another layer of Macintosh.  It touches all the people who now
own Macintosh computers , and a lot of people who are going to own them
because of this.



SIDEBAR

"The great ideas that are yet to come in the Macintosh world are mostly
going to be from people who aren't programmers. . . ."

"Slinging the bits is an enabling technology for me. . . ."A New Connection
Says Hello!

You can't have too many good connections.  Nor can you have connections
that are too good.  So Apple is pleased to introduce the User Group
community to another supporterQand one of the best kind.  She's Sue
Goodin, Technical Support Engineer in Charlotte, North Carolina, and
creator of the dynamic Tech Tidbits document now sent to all Apple User
Groups.

Like many User Group members, Sue has been a long-time Apple advocate.
In fact, she has aspired to work at Apple since putting her fingers on her
first Apple(R) II.  Today, she's mousing away at her office in East Coast
Technical Support, providing technical and troubleshooting support to
Apple's authorized dealers, national accounts, universities, and other
direct customers, and assembling valuable technical insights in a spirited,
easy-to-understand document now being distributed to User Groups.

Much of Sue's new jobQshe officially joined Apple in August after several
months of contract involvementQis dedicated to answering her share of
the 2,500 technical inquiries that her group fields each week.

But Sue wanted more.  She wanted to feel the satisfaction of knowing her
work improved Apple's connection with end users.  That's when she
discovered that the newly born Tech Tidbits newsletter could be expanded
to address a larger audience.  So she approached the Connection to
determine how this growing resource could be used.

Needless to say, her question fell on eager ears.  Within a week, back
issues of Sue's documents were being formatted for User Group
distribution, and ASCII versions were being posted to the User Group
Bulletin Board System on AppleLink(R).

"I'm committed to the User Group community, and to extending Apple's
outreach to them however I can," Sue affirms.  "In addition to my other
responsibilities, I plan to 'hang out' when possible on the AppleLink User
Group Bulletin Board, responding to User Group technical inquiries and
other things my office can provide."  She stresses, however, that she is a
finite resource, and will not be able to get directly involved with User
Groups outside of her geographic region.  "But Tech Tidbits and my
AppleLink presence will be available to all groups," she adds.

Sue requests that any interested groups place her on their newsletter
mailing list using the address below.  Also, if your group runs a Bulletin
Board, let her know so that she can make the appropriate referrals in her
area.

We're sure you'll extend the same warm welcome to Sue that we have.  Let
her know that you appreciate her contribution by sending her your
newsletter and corresponding with her on AppleLink.  She can be reached
the following addresses:

Sue Goodin, TSE
Apple Computer, Inc.
5130 Parkway Plaza Boulevard
Charlotte, NC   28210

AppleLink GOODIN2
CompuServe 70007,3141


SIDEBAR
". . . Tech Tidbits and my AppleLink presence will be available to all
groups."



[Sidebar Story]
On a Personal Note
Sue's personal life involves Apple, too.  She met her husbandQyou may
know him as the Primary Sysop on the Apple II/III Forum on CompuServe's
MAUGQthrough her involvement with Apple computers.   But the real apple
of their eye is daughter Barbara, age 2, whose favorite phrases include,
"Mommy, 'puter NOW!" and "Daddy, Mac!  Do balloons!".

Sue's technical expertise came in handy when Barbara tried a user
interface experiment on her Apple IIe:  drizzling iced tea onto the
keyboard.  A command followed:  "Clean keys, Mommy!"  Hmmm.  Sounds
like multitasking is no problem for Sue!

Making an Impression
with Desktop Presentations

As a User Group, you probably give presentations all the time.  So you
already know the value of using visuals to get your point across.  But you
may not know about the host of new tools and techniques that can help you
prepare your materials quickly, cost-effectively, and beautifully using
Apple technology.  It's all part of Desktop PresentationsQa major new
applications area that Apple is addressing to help people like you
communicate more effectively.

In both large corporations and small professional firms, Desktop
Presentations is rapidly becoming one of the hottest applications for the
Macintosh and LaserWriter(R), particularly in the areas of sales,
marketing, education, and training.  Workgroups everywhere are
discovering that these two tools are ideal for creating high-quality visual
aids for everything from small, informal business meetings to large
-scale, slick sales and marketing presentations.  Here's a sampling of how
Apple technology can help make any presentation take on a whole new
dimension.

With a Macintosh and LaserWriter alone, you can produce exceptional
quality black-and-white overheads just by loading the paper cassette with
transparencies and clicking on Print.  Charts and graphs, illustrations, and
text-only outlines come out looking professionally done in near typeset
quality.   And if you want to get fancy, there's a new software product
that's opening up new possibilities in preparing presentation materials.
PowerPoint, developed by Forethought (now owned by Microsoft
Corporation), not only allows you to create overheads by cutting and
pasting graphics, text, or scanned images from other applications, but
allows you to add borders, designs, or your company logo to your
materials.  Once you design a template, it can automatically be
transferred to all your overheads.  The program also gives you the
capability of adding speaker notes below each overhead and printing mini
versions of each oneQup to six per pageQto use as handouts.

For those of you who want to add a bit of drama to your presentations,
PowerPoint features a "slide show" capability so you can present your
materials right on the Macintosh screen.  If you need to project your
Macintosh images for large audiences, there's Macnifier by Comtrex Ltd.
This small LTD device, which connects to the Macintosh through the video
out port, sits on top of your overhead projector and magnifies images from
the computer screen to a large screen or on a wall.

Another new entry into the world of Desktop Presentations is a desktop
slide-making machine called ImageMaker by Presentation Technologies.
With ImageMaker, you can create 35mm slides from any image on your
Macintosh screen.  In fact, you can create color  slides even if you don't
own a Macintosh II.  How?  By selecting fill patterns for the different
colors you want in your slide.  So even if your screen is black and white,
ImageMaker can produce slides in living color.  And, to produce your slides,
you pay only for the cost of film and developingQquite a cost savings over
the $50 to $100 per slide typically charged by professional service
bureaus.

These are just a few of the Desktop Presentations solutions currently
available for creating materials that make you look your best.  As the
market continues to grow, you'll see more and more new products that can
help you produce some very impressive presentations from a desktop.



SIDEBAR

New tools and techniques . . . help you prepare your materials quickly, cost
-effectively, and beautifully using Apple technology.
Connecting with Joan Tabb . . .
The right kind of encounter!

Chance encounters happen all the time, but how many of them change your
thinking, your job, your lifestyle?  Joan Tabb has had three such
encounters in only two years' time.  But then, synchronicity has always
been a part of Joan's life.  She seems to meet the right people at the right
timeQ in hallways, in parking lots, in elevators.  And this propensity will
serve her well as the new Program Manager for Government and Business
User Groups.  In this role, Joan's job is to bring people and ideas together
in mutually beneficial ways.  Here's a look at how Joan connected with the
Apple's User Group team and how Apple's government or business User
Groups will soon be connecting with her.

Two years ago, Joan made her first connection with Apple.  At the time,
she was managing the new sales training program at Memorex and
producing video tapes on the company's new products.  She was also the
program chairperson in a professional group of instructional designers and
training specialistsQthe Silicon Valley chapter of the National Society for
Performance and Instruction.  The president of this organization happened
to be Bob Loftis of Apple's Customer Publications group.   Bob was Joan's
first connection with Apple.  As Joan describes it, "He tapped me on the
shoulder at one of our meetings and said, 'I know the company you should
be in.'  Two months later, I was at Apple."

Her first mandate in Apple's Training Support group was to develop sales
training programs for two channels: national accounts and VARs (Value
-Added Resellers).  But it wasn't long before a second chance encounter
added another responsibility.  "One day I was walking down the hall," Joan
recalls, "and literally bumped into Bob HallQone of the architects building
Apple's government sales program.  We began discussing training for this
group and one thing led to the next.  Before I knew it, I had become the
training person for government sales, in federal as well as state and local
channels."

Training Apple's government sales reps was perhaps one of Joan's biggest
and most rewarding career challenges.  "My task was to develop training
for these peopleQto teach them the products, how to work with Apple
corporate, how to write Apple contracts, and how to maximize the
Macintosh."  And train she did.  In this one-week training, Apple's entire
government sales force learned the basics of everything from A to Z about
Apple products and opportunities for them in government applications.
And from them, Joan learned a lot about working with the government.

It was Joan's work in training that led her to her third chance
encounterQthis time with Ellen Leanse, the Connection's program manager.
Joan tells it this way:  "I realized that I wanted my next career move to
bring me closer to our end users.  I really wanted to work with those
people who had real love and enthusiasm for our products.  That's when
Ellen and I bumped into each other in the parking lot.  We already knew
each other, because she often made presentations in sales trainings.  So
when I told her what was on my mind, she said, 'Call me when you get back
to the office.  Let's talk.'  And that's how I got into the User Group
Connection."

And that's where Joan is planning to take full advantage of her government
and business sales connections, her training background, and what she
considers her main skill: communicating.

As Joan explains, "I feel that above all else, I am a communicator, and my
goal is to bring together three different groups to share information and
support:  Apple corporate,  the government and business User Groups, and
Apple field officesQthe sales and support people who can provide the
resources that User Groups want.  These groups can generate new ideas
just by being together, and my job is to facilitate that communication and
coordination.  I want to be a catalyst to create more momentum, more
enthusiasm, more sharing of the resources from Apple and the ideas,
strategies, and solutions that people have out there.  My role is to be a
clearinghouse for information and to connect all these people together to
build new programs to facilitate these efforts.

"I have a tremendous enthusiasm for what's in front of me.  Both
government and business are markets that have hardly even been tapped,
and I see User Groups as an integral part in helping Apple break new
ground.  The User Group community, in providing service, support, and
training, has already become an important resource for the large numbers
of new business and government Apple Computer users.  I feel an
overwhelming appreciation for them and am privileged to be a part of
building the business and government User Group efforts.

I encourage anyone from these groups who is interested in participating or
contributing their ideas and suggestions to drop me a note, or link me at
AppleLink TABB1."

So, if you're a government or business User Group, don't leave your
encounter with Joan Tabb to chance.  Who knows?  This may be just the
connection you've been looking for!


SIDEBAR

"I want to be a catalyst to create more momentum, more enthusiasm, more
sharing of the resources from Apple and the ideas, strategies, and
solutions that people have out there."

Developing Your Own Training
on the Macintosh

by Jeff Vasek

Suppose you've been asked to put together a training class for your User
Group.  Whether the class will teach geometry, wind surfing, or cooking,
you decide that the best training program would be one developed and run
on a computer.  If you were ambitious enough to try it, you would probably
sit down at your computer and start programming in BASIC, or Pascal, or
even Assembler.  After hours and hours of programming, you might have
about five minutes worth of instruction that might or might not do justice
to your topic.  That's when you'd say to yourself, "There's got to be a
better way!"

We at Apple arrived at the same conclusion.  Our job is to develop
computer-based training (CBT) to teach our customers how to use the
computer.  And our situation wasn't much better than the one described
above.  We'd begin with a concept, spend months committing our training
to paper (which we called a script), then hand it over to a programmer who
would go away and come back a couple of months later with a finished
version of what he thought we meant to show.  Then we'd correct it, maybe
add a few graphics, and hand it over to the programmer again.  This cycle
would go on until we got it right, or until the training absolutely had to
ship.  We also decided that there had to be a better way.

And we found several.  Thanks to a whole new kind of software that's now
available for the Macintosh, we've discovered a variety of ways to develop
high-quality CBT faster, more efficiently, and more economically.  We'd
like to share these new tools with you, as well as the ways we're using
them here at Apple.

Storyboards
Because people learn better when concepts are presented to them visually,
we decided a few years ago to develop graphic-based training programs
rather than text-based programs.  We wanted the graphics to be an
integral part of the training rather than an illustration or two thrown in
when there was enough space left on the disk.  To show the programmers
how the graphics and the instruction fit on the screen together, we
started using storyboards.  A storyboard is a kind of script that shows the
text and graphics that will appear on the screen.  It also describes in
words and graphics the action that will occur on the screen, whether it is
some type of movement of the graphic or an action that the user should
complete.

Unfortunately, sketching the graphics on paper, typing the words on a word
processor, then laboriously cutting and pasting them (you remember the
days of manual cut and paste, don't you?) into the storyboards was a real
tedious operation.  Then along came the solution in the form of desktop
publishing on the Macintosh.  We could now develop the sketches with a
graphics package and the text on a word processor, then integrate them
using a page layout package, such as PageMaker or Ragtime.  For the first
time, we were able to show the ideas we had for the training without
using scissors.

Then we discovered we had another problem on our hands.  No matter how
detailed our storyboards were, and no matter how much we waved our
arms in the air to explain what would be on the screen, people who didn't
have a lot of experience with CBT couldn't envision what the final product
would look like from the sketches and words we showed them on paper.

What we needed was a dynamic storyboarding tool, one that would allow
us to show the graphics and text on the screen just as it would appear in
the final product.  Enter HyperCard, Apple's new system software product.
With HyperCard, we could very easily import text from the word processor
and sketches from the graphics package to individual cards, each
representing a full screen.  We could create buttons so the reviewer could
move through the instruction, and even flip through several cards very
quickly to simulate the animation we had in mind.  For the first time, we
were able to show the training exactly as it would look in final form, but
without the months of programming time that usually went into
developing a prototype.

Authoring Languages
After we'd found the tools to develop storyboards more efficiently, we
still needed to expedite the production of the final version.  Programming
the training product in BASIC or Pascal took enormous amounts of time.
Revising even the smallest part of the programQto fix a bug or to make a
part of the training easier to understandQrequired rewriting a lot of the
code, which took more time.  And, as any programmer knows, fixing a bug
in one place always presents the possibility of introducing more bugs
somewhere else.

What we needed was an authoring languageQa software program that
would allow us to put the text, graphics, and interaction together in final
form without having to resort to a programming language.  What we found
was VideoWorks Interactive (VW/I), a derivative of the original
VideoWorks, co-developed by Apple and MacroMind.  VW/I moved graphic
"sprites" (or objects) on the screen and received user inputQeither from
the mouse or the keyboardQand checked it against predetermined correct
answers.  The program allowed the training to branch in several different
directions, depending on the feedback we wanted to give the user.  This
was the tool we used to develop such training disks as Your Apple Tour of
the Macintosh SE, and Your Apple Tour of the Macintosh II Applications:  A
Software Overview.

But because VW/I relies on sprite animation, it requires knowledge of how
to move objects across the screen, as well as some programming ability
to structure the user interaction.  Here at Apple, we use people who have
both the graphic animation ability, as well as a bent for programming, and
we call them instructional animators.  The result of their work is near
movie-quality training.

In addition to this authoring language, others are available with different
features and flexibility.  For example, languages based on graphic
flowcharting allow each screen to be designed independentlyQcomplete
with text, graphics, animation, and user interaction, then linked together
in a sequence determined by a flowchart.  HyperCard, too, works like an
authoring language, since it allows cards, or screens, to be designed and
linked together in any order to create the final CBT.

Conclusion
With these tools and others like them, we at Apple can develop and
produce sophisticated CBT in less time than was ever possible before.
And so can you.  Gone are the days when you needed a background in
computer science and computer programming to put together a training
program that worked.  But just like the old days, good CBT still requires
research and planning, and results from a good design.  If you don't know
what you want to teach before you begin developing the training, you'll
almost always end up teaching the wrong thing.

So the next time your User Group needs a computer-based training course,
get your hands on the tools that will make the job easy.  Because now, the
power to develop CBT is where it belongs: in the hands of the people like
you who have both the knowledge to teach and the ability to teach it.


Jeff Vasek is manager of the Interactive Education group within Apple's
Customer Publications and CBT department.  Jeff's department is
responsible for producing CBT for all of Apple's products and has spent the
last two years developing and using state-of-the-art CBT development
tools for the Macintosh.


SIDEBAR

"What we needed was a dynamic storyboarding tool. . . .  Enter HyperCard."

The result of Apple's instructional animators' work is near movie-quality
computer-based training.

Apple Grantees and User Groups:
Forging the Missing Links

by Sterling Speirn

As many of you know, Apple's Community Affairs program donates
computers to charitable organizations throughout the United States.
These "Apple grantees" are quite a diverse group of nonprofit
organizations whose successful proposals have earned them donations of
computer equipment.  Included in their grant are three days of hands-on
training to help them launch their computer projects.  Trainees arrive at
our lab in Cupertino in a curious condition.  They are what we call
"inexperienced experts."  They have clearly become quite skillful in their
service areas, be it food banks or AIDS projects, a program for disabled
citizens or an arts consortium.  But they are just beginners when it comes
to using computers.  Despite their years of experience, they are entering
unknown territory.  And they need help.

After more than five years of helping human service and arts groups adopt
computer technology for their operations, we believe the critical factor
for most nonprofit groups is ongoing local training and support.  And that's
why one of the first things we tell grantees is, "Join a User Group."   Well,
some do, but too many don't.  I suspect our grantees resemble the majority
of nonprofit organizations.  They imagine that User Groups are just for
pros, and they don't realize what a wealth of information and assistance
they might find if only they would join.

At User Group University this spring, I was overwhelmed by the
enthusiasm that User Group representatives seemed to have for helping
nonprofit enterprises in their communities.  I was interested to hear how
various groups had taken on special projects to help local organizations or
schools, and I wondered out loud in several conversations how User Groups
could recruit more nonprofit people and help shepherd these new users and
late adapters into the technological fold.  I also wondered if the
phenomenon reported by one User Group presidentQthat he gets many calls
from members who wish to volunteer their servicesQwas common among
all.  And if so, how were User Groups identifying needs and opportunities
in their communities where members' computer skills could make a
difference?

This summer, our staff has been on the road conducting follow-up training
workshops around the country.  At every site, User Group representatives
have been there eager to help train and conduct demonstrations, and to let
Apple grantees know just how much the User Group has to offer them.  It's
that old story of the out-of-towners playing matchmaker.  As soon as our
grantees realize that the answer to a software glitch may be just a phone
call away, or that a User Group member is actually excited about helping
them get their modem hooked up or a template working, their eyes light up
quicker than you can say "AppleWorks!"

If you have ideas about how these kinds of good connections can be
fostered among User Groups and Apple grantees and nonprofit groups in
general, we would greatly appreciate hearing them, and we would like to
share them with others interested in undertaking similar projects.  More
than the hardware or software they are often identified with, User Groups
also offer their communities something else, and that's humanware.

Sterling Speirn is the Program Officer for Community Affairs at Apple
Corporate Grants.  He can be contacted at SPEIRN1 on AppleLink.


SIDEBAR

One of the first things we tell grantees is, "Join a User Group."

Trivia Questions


page 3
Who was the first celebrity spokesperson for Apple Computer?

page 4
What type of insect was the original computer "bug"?

page 5 top
What everyday office function were Apple employees once forbidden to do
while standing up?

page 5 bottom
What was Mike Markkula, co-founder and one of Apple's early Presidents,
doing for a living immediately before he came to Apple?

page 6 top
What was the name of the festival put on by a well-known Apple founder?

page 6 bottom
Who told The Wall Street Journal, "We believe this will be a two-horse
race between Apple and IBM"?

[BULLETIN BOARD ITEMS]

Introducing the Apple Training Alliance Program
In response to the growing demand for Macintosh applications training,
particularly for Desktop Publishing solutions, Apple will announce a new
training program in October. We have established the Apple Training
Alliance (ATA) to encourage and support successful training efforts by
selected third-party training companies and authorized Apple dealers.

The objective of the program is to make Macintosh application training
more accessible to our users.  The first five applications will be:
    %    Aldus PageMaker 2.0
    %    Microsoft Word 3.01
    %    Adobe Illustrator
    %    Forethought PowerPoint
    %    Silicon Beach SuperPaint

For more information contact your authorized Apple dealer.

Trivia Teaser Answers

page 3Q
Dick Cavett

page 4Q
A moth

page 5 topQ
Talk  (It got too noisy, since offices were separated only by five-foot
cubicle walls.)

page 5 bottomQ
Nothing  (He was retired.)

page 6 topQ
The US Festival, by Steve Wozniak, 1982/83

page 6 bottomQ
John Sculley

Did You Know?
John Sculley, Apple's Chairman, CEO, and President, is an author.  His book
(co-authored by John A. Byrne of Business Week magazine), entitled
Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple . . . A Journey of Adventure, Ideas and the Future,
will be published in mid-October by Harper & Row.

These Months in Apple's History . . .

SEPTEMBER
1976QSix months after Apple began, Jobs and Woz are splitting a monthly
salary of $250.

1977QThe first Apple International Show opens in Paris.

1980QApple's employee count has grown to over 1000.
    The Apple III is introduced.

1981QThe first Dealer Executive Briefing is held.

1984QThe Macintosh 512K is introduced.

1985QThe ImageWriter(r) II and HD-20 are introduced.
      Steve Jobs resigns.

1986Q The Apple IIgs(tm) and an enhanced Apple IIc are introduced.

OCTOBER
1979QPersonal Software, Inc. releases VisiCalc for the Apple II.  The
spreadsheet is the first application to make personal computers a
practical tool for people who don't know how to write their own programs.

1980QThe Cork, Ireland, manufacturing facility opens.

1981QThe National Accounts Program is launched.

1983QThe Certified/Registered Developer Program begins.

1984QApple's Corporate Grants Department is formed.  It encompasses
Education Foundation and Community Affairs, as well as the company's
Employee Volunteer Action program.

Staff
Editors:  Phyllis Farnam and Ellen Leanse
Contributors:  Bill Atkinson, Sue Goodin, Joan Tabb, Jeff Vasek,
    and Sterling Speirn
Writer:  Janet Joers
Design and Production:  Aplin ,Uno & Chibana

1987 Apple Computer, Inc.  Apple, the Apple logo, AppleLink, ImageWriter,
LaserWriter, and MacPaint are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
Inc.  Apple IIgs, HyperCard, and Macintosh are trademarks of Apple
Computer, Inc.  Adobe Illustrator is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.
CompuServe is a registered trademark and MAUG is a trademark of
CompuServe, Inc.  IBM is a registered trademark of International Business
Machines Corporation.  Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft
Corporation.  PowerPoint is a trademark of Forethought, Inc.  PageMaker is
a registered trademark of Aldus Corporation.